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09/14/09 - Projectile Motion
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  | An object thrown sideways falls vertically at the same rate as an object that is dropped.
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  | The two-dimensional motion of an object launched with both a horizontal and a vertical component of velocity and falling under the influence of gravity alone is called projectile motion.

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  | Horizontal motion is not affected by gravity.
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  | The horizontal component of projectile motion is motion at a constant horizontal velocity equal to the horizontal component of the launch velocity: vx = vo cos(θ).
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  | Vertical motion is affected by gravity.
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  | The vertical component of projectile motion is the same as the motion of an object thrown straight up with the vertical component of the launch velocity: vy = vo sin(θ). Gravity changes the upward velocity by -9.8 m/s every second.
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  | y = y0 + v0 sin(θ) t - (1/2) gt2
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  | Motion in the horizontal direction is independent of motion in the vertical direction.
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  | Horizontal motion and vertical motion can be analyzed separately.
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  | The trajectory (path in two-dimensional space) of a projectile is a parabola.
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  | Maximum height of a projectile
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  | If air-resistance can be neglected, then a projectile takes the same time to reach its peak as it does to return to the height at which it was launched.
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  | The maximum height of a projectile is the same as the maximum height of an object thrown straight up with the vertical component of the launch velocity. Vertical velocity as a function of time: vy = vo sin(θ)*t - (1/2)gt2. Set vy = 0 to find time to reach peak. Find the area under the vy-t graph to find the peak height.
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  | Maximum range of a projectile
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  | Since the horizontal velocity is constant at vx = vo cos(θ), if we know how long the projectile is in the air, we can multiply that time by vx to get the horizontal distance traveled. The time the projectile is in the air is twice the time it takes to reach its peak height, which we find by setting vy = vo sin(θ)*t - (1/2)gt2 = 0 and solving for t. So, the horizontal range of a projectile is R = 2*t*vo cos(θ).
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  | Read the next section of Chapter 4, pp. 99-107.
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